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La salud emocional de los profesionales sanitarios en contextos de Covid-19: revisión sistemática y metasíntesis cualitativa
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Introducción: La pandemia originada por la aparición de la cepa viral SARS-CoV-2, causante de la Covid-19, puso en crisis a los sistemas de salud de todos los países; en especial aquellos con menores recursos técnicos y materiales. En ese marco, resulta relevante conocer el impacto de la pandemia, no sólo sobre la población contagiada, sino también sobre las condiciones de salud socio emocional del personal médico encargado de su atención.
Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática y una metasíntesis cualitativa de la experiencia emocional vivida por el personal sanitario que atendió pacientes contagiados por Covid-19.
Material y Métodos: Investigación documental, descriptiva, integrativa y con enfoque crítico. Los textos fueron seleccionados según los siguientes criterios: a) artículos originales con metodología cualitativa, b) publicados entre 2019 y 2022 c) en idioma inglés y español; d) de revistas arbitradas y especializadas en salud y ciencias sociales; e) referentes a la salud emocional de trabajadores que atendieron pacientes contagiados por Covid-19. Su búsqueda y recuperación se hizo mediante consulta en PubMed, Google Scholar, BVS y SciELO.
Resultados: Esta revisión identificó 80 estudios cualitativos que mostraron la enorme relevancia de la vida emocional durante la pandemia por Covid-19, destacándose al miedo como categoría emergente presente en la mayoría de los estudios. La metasíntesis derivó en cuatro temas clave: 1) impactos emocionales diferenciados según género, profesión y nivel de atención; 2) tensiones entre emociones individuales y colectivas; 3) producción de sentimientos morales y dilemas éticos y 4) retos impuestos al sistema de salud frente a la pandemia.
Conclusiones: Los elementos identificados destacan la importancia de redimensionar la necesidad de una mayor precisión conceptual y distinción entre los diferentes niveles de vida emocional reportados, así como analizar con mayor detalle la estratificación de la vida emocional presente en el contexto institucional a la luz de carencias y problemáticas estructurales de los sistemas de salud, que se vieron desbordados ante los efectos de la pandemia.
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