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Repercusión renal del bajo peso al nacer
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Introducción: La programación del desarrollo predispone al individuo a padecer enfermedades durante la adultez El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) es uno de los marcadores del ambiente adverso intrauterino. Estudios señalan que influencias intrauterinas y postnatales inmediatas adversas, pueden generar alteraciones estructurales y funcionales en algunos órganos; las cuales se manifestarán en etapas tardías de la vida. Dentro de estas enfermedades se encuentra la hipertensión arterial, en la cual el papel del riñón está demostrado.
Objetivo: sistematizar los estudios que valoran los cambios que se producen en la morfología y la función renal en individuos con bajo peso al nacer.
Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de mayo a septiembre de 2022. Se consultaron la Biblioteca virtual en salud regional y las bases de datos PubMed y SciELO Cuba.
Resultados: Se recuperaron 114 artículos de los cuales 16 fueron seleccionados teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. En 13 se evaluaban variables morfométricas del riñón y en 7 función renal. Los artículos revisados tratan de investigaciones realizadas en condiciones experimentales muy variadas. En la mayor parte de ellos, queda demostrado que el BPN provoca modificaciones en la morfofunción renal.
Conclusiones: Se encontró reducido el número de nefronas. La intensidad de filtrado glomerular no se encontró diferente para la totalidad de la masa renal, pero sí se encuentra aumentada para la nefrona aislada. Es importante la nutrición extrauterina temprana. Se evidencia que debe ser tenido en cuenta la causa la naturaleza de la perturbación del ambiente maternofetal.
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Referencias
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