Marcadores biológicos como herramienta diagnóstica y medio de prueba en casos de violencia sexual
Palabras clave:
Agresión sexual, biomarcadores, marcadores biológicos, revisión sistemática, secuelas físico-psicológicasResumen
Introducción: La violencia sexual constituye una grave violación de los derechos humanos que causa daños físicos y psicológicos severos. En este contexto, los biomarcadores son herramientas claves en la investigación forense y clínica, pues respaldan el diagnóstico y la obtención de pruebas científicas en casos de agresión sexual.
Objetivo: Sistematizar el uso de marcadores biológicos en contextos médico-forenses de violencia sexual, evaluar sus limitaciones y determinar las repercusiones en la salud física y mental de las víctimas.
Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, consultando las bases Scopus y Web of Science entre 2020 y 2025. Tras aplicar criterios de elegibilidad se seleccionaron 48 estudios primarios. Se extrajeron variables como tipo de marcador, fluido empleado, técnicas analíticas, limitaciones reportadas y consecuencias para la víctima, organizadas y sintetizadas mediante tablas y análisis cualitativo.
Resultado: Los marcadores genéticos y enzimáticos fueron los biomarcadores más empleados, principalmente en semen, sangre, saliva y fluidos vaginales. Se identificaron varias limitaciones, entre ellas, degradación molecular, contaminación cruzada, muestras escasas y requerimientos técnicos elevados. En cuanto al impacto en las víctimas, se documentaron lesiones traumáticas, complicaciones ginecológicas y secuelas psicológicas graves, con alta prevalencia de trastorno de estrés postraumático, ansiedad, depresión y baja autoestima.
Conclusiones: Los métodos genéticos, enzimáticos y proteómicos complementan la detección de evidencia biológica, siendo el semen el fluido más analizado. Sin embargo, su aplicación está limitada por la degradación molecular, la escasez y contaminación de las muestras, así como por la necesidad de herramientas especializadas y la complejidad técnica de los procedimientos.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Elizabeth Estefania Cabrera Valdiviezo, Silvia Patricia Aynaguano Zula, Miguel Leonardo Mora Romero
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