Biological markers as a diagnostic tool and means of proof in cases of sexual violence
Keywords:
Sexual assault, biomarkers., biological markers, systematic review, physical-psychological sequelaeAbstract
Introduction: Sexual violence is a serious violation of human rights that causes severe physical and psychological harm. In this context, biomarkers are key tools in forensic and clinical investigation, as they support the diagnosis and obtaining of scientific evidence in cases of sexual assault.
Objective: To systematize the use of biological markers in medical-forensic contexts of sexual violence, to evaluate their limitations, and to determine the repercussions on the physical and mental health of the victims.
Material and Methods: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA methodology, consulting the Scopus and Web of Science databases between 2020 and 2025. After applying eligibility criteria, 48 primary studies were selected. Variables such as type of marker, fluid used, analytical techniques, reported limitations and consequences for the victim were extracted, organized and synthesized through tables and qualitative analysis.
Results: Genetic and enzymatic markers were the most used biomarkers, mainly in semen, blood, saliva and vaginal fluids. Several limitations were identified, including molecular degradation, cross-contamination, sparse samples, and high technical requirements. Regarding the impact on the victims, traumatic injuries, gynecological complications and serious psychological sequelae were documented with a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem.
Conclusions: Genetic, enzymatic and proteomic methods complement the detection of biological evidence, with semen being the most analyzed fluid. However, their application is limited by molecular degradation, the scarcity and contamination of samples, as well as the need for specialized tools and the technical complexity of the procedures.
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