Influence of gender on adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Introduction: Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern due to its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality, and associated complications. One of the main challenges in its management is low adherence to pharmacological treatment. Individual, sociocultural, and structural factors influence this process, including gender, understood not only as biological sex but as a social construct that influences health practices and perceptions.

Objective: To analyze, critically, the influence of gender on adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with T2DM, integrating recent findings from the scientific literature.

Material and Methods: A narrative review of publications in international databases (PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, and Google Scholar), without language restrictions, was conducted in the period 2020–2025. Of 30 studies initially identified, 21 were selected that met inclusion criteria related to adherence, T2DM, and gender.

Development: Evidence shows that between 30% and 50% of patients with T2DM do not adequately adhere to treatment, with repercussions on glycemic control and an increased risk of complications. Some studies report lower adherence in women, associated with socioeconomic barriers and family burdens, while in men it is related to attitudes of self-sufficiency and a low level of seeking medical support. There are inconsistencies and methodological limitations such as confusion between sex and gender, a lack of stratified analyses, and a poor consideration of cultural and psychosocial factors.

Conclusions: Gender significantly influences adherence to T2DM treatment, although studies present gaps and heterogeneous approaches. Incorporating a gender perspective into educational interventions and care programs can improve adherence and contribute to more equitable and effective disease management.