Comparative study of hardness of three biocompatible printable resins for temporary dental use
Keywords:
CAD CAM, Hardness Tests, Temporary, Dental restorationAbstract
Introduction: Temporary restorations in dentistry can be fabricated from various materials, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and bis-acrylic resin. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a novel manufacturing approach. Among the required properties, hardness is considered a key mechanical parameter due to its relevance for material stability and clinical performance.
Objective: To evaluate the microhardness of three printable resin-based provisional restorative materials, fabricated by computer-aided design and manufacturing, following the ISO 10477 standard.
Material and Methods: Three specimens of dimensions 50 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm were fabricated for each group using Harz Labs Dental Sand Printable Resin (Group H), Materials Raydent C&B 3D Printable Resin (Group R), and Nextdent C&B MFH Printable Resin (Group N). An Anycubic Photon LCD printer was used for the printing, and the post-processing was made according to the particular protocol of each manufacturer. The surface hardness was measured using the Vickers hardness test to later evaluate and compare the values obtained according to the ISO 10477:2020 standard protocol.
Results: In terms of Vickers hardness, the results showed that Group N had the highest values (16.26 HV), followed by Group R (8.17 HV) and Group H (7.37 HV). There were statistically significant differences in Vickers hardness between the groups, with Group N being significantly superior to the other two groups.
Conclusions: Group N (Nextdent C&B MFH) proved to have the highest Vickers hardness among the materials evaluated. However, all materials met the standards ISO 10477, which certifies them as compatible for use in intraoral applications.
Downloads
References
1. Tahayeri A, Morgan M, Fugolin AP, Bompolaki D, Athirasala A, Pfeifer CS, et al. 3D printed versus conventionally cured provisional crown and bridge dental materials. Dent Mater [Internet]. 2018;34(2):192-200. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.10.003
2. Okolie O, Stachurek I, Kandasubramanian B, Njuguna J. 3D printing for hip implant applications: a review. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2020;12(11):2682. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112682
3. NextDent. C&B MFH (Micro Filled Hybrid) [Internet]. Utrecht: NextDent [Cited 03/11/2023]. Available from: http://nextdent.com/products/C&B-mfh-micro-filled-hybrid
4. Raydent. Materials for 3D printing [Internet]. Seoul: Raydent; 2021 [Cited 03/11/2023]. Available from: http://www.rayfrance.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Resin_Brochure_EN.pdf
5. HARZ Labs. Dental Sand [Internet]. Moscow: HARZ Labs [Cited 03/11/2023]. Available from: https://harzlabs.com/products/materialy/dental-sand.html
6. Revilla-León M, Meyers MJ, Zandinejad A, Özcan M. A review on chemical composition, mechanical properties, and manufacturing workflow of additively manufactured current polymers for interim dental restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent [Internet]. 2019;31(1):51-7. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12438
7. Atria PJ, Bordin D, Marti F, Nayak VV, Conejo J, Benalcázar Jalkh E, et al. 3D-printed resins for provisional dental restorations: comparison of mechanical and biological properties. J Esthet Restor Dent [Internet]. 2022;34(5):804-15. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12888
8. Sonmez N, Gultekin P, Turp V, Akgungor G, Sen D, Mijiritsky E. Evaluation of five CAD/CAM materials by microstructural characterization and mechanical tests: a comparative in vitro study. BMC Oral Health [Internet]. 2018;18(1):8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-017-0458-2
9. Peralta SL, Leles SB, Dutra AL, Guimarães VB, Piva E, Lund RG. Evaluation of physical-mechanical properties, antibacterial effect, and cytotoxicity of temporary restorative materials. J Appl Oral Sci [Internet]. 2018;26:e20170562. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0562
10. Chaves LV, Oliveira SN, Özcan M, Acchar W, Caldas MR, Assunção IV, et al. Interfacial properties and bottom/top hardness ratio produced by bulk fill composites in dentin cavities. Braz Dent J [Internet]. 2019;30(5):476-83. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201902741
11. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 10477:2020 Dentistry—Polymer-based crown and veneer materials. Geneva: ISO; 2020.
12. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 6507-1:2018 Metallic materials—Vickers hardness test—Part 1: Test method. Geneva: ISO; 2018.
13. Shillingburg HT Jr, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentos esenciales en prótesis fija. 3 ed. Barcelona: Quintessence; 2006.
14. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3696:1987 Water for analytical laboratory use—Specification and test methods. Geneva: ISO; 1987.
15. Castillo Muñoz JI, Cuturrufo Inostroza M, Toro M, Chaple Gil AM, Espinoza-Jara A, Astorga Bustamante E, et al. Valores dureza Vickers [Internet]. Brussel: Zenodo; 2025 [Cited 07/12/2025]. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17379256
16. Aati S, Akram Z, Ngo H, Fawzy AS. Development of 3D-printed resin reinforced with modified ZrO2 nanoparticles for long-term provisional dental restorations. Dent Mate [Internet]. 2021;37(6):927-38. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.010
17. Shrivastava S, Dable RP, Nirmal Raj A, Mutneja P, Srivastava SB, Haque M. Comparison of mechanical properties of PEEK and PMMA: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2021;22(2):179-83. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3077
18. Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Flexural strength and hardness of filler-reinforced PMMA targeted for denture base application. Materials (Basel) [Internet]. 2021;14(10):2659. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102659
19. Digholkar S, Madhav VN, Palaskar J. Evaluation of the flexural strength and microhardness of provisional crown and bridge materials fabricated by different methods. J Indian Prosthodont Soc [Internet]. 2016;16(4):328-34. Available from: http://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4052.191288
20. Simoneti DM, Pereira-Cenci T, dos Santos MBF. Comparison of material properties and biofilm formation in interim single crowns obtained by 3D printing and conventional methods. J Prosthet Dent [Internet]. 2022;127(1):168-72. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.06.026
21. 3M ESPE. Protemp 4 repuestos [Internet]. Saint Paul: 3M ESPE; 2011 [Cited 03/11/2023]. Available from: https://multimedia.3m.com/mws/mediawebserver?mwsId=SSSSSuUn_zu8lZNlM8ten8m9mv70m17zHvu9lxUb7SSSSSS—
22. Kim D, Shim J-S, Lee D, Shin S-H, Nam N-E, Park K-H, et al. Effects of post-curing time on the mechanical and color properties of three-dimensional printed crown and bridge materials. Polymers (Basel) [Internet]. 2020;12(11):2762. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112762
23. Diaz-Arnold AM, Dunne JT, Jones AH. Microhardness of provisional fixed prosthodontic materials. J Prosthet Dent [Internet]. 1999;82(5):525-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3913(99)70050-8
24. Yay Kuscu HY, Gorus Z. Translucency, color, and hardness of 3D-printed provisional resin: effects of thickness and post-curing duration. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2025;15:27227. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13020-4
25. Song JS, Kim Y-H. Mechanical performance of 3D-printed and milled resins for pediatric provisional restorations. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2025;15:22841. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22841-2
26. Abad-Coronel C, et al. Flexural Strength, Fatigue Behavior, and Microhardness of 3D-printed Resins for Temporary and Permanent Dental Restorations. Materials (Basel) [Internet]. 2025;18(3):556. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030556
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jorge Castillo-Muñoz , Maite Cuturrufo-Inostroza , Mauricio Toro , Alain Manuel Chaple-Gil, Ariel Sepulveda, Elizabeth Astorga-Bustamante , Nicolás Améstica-Fuenzalida
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All the content of this magazine is in Open Access, distributed according to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License that allows non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction without restrictions in any medium, provided that the primary source is duly cited.
Download PDF
